This research sought to compare the effects of two types of multimedia agents, an anthropomorphic agent and a pointing finger, with teacher instruction on the learning of three major types of subordinate clauses in English by learners in an EFL context. To this aim, the three groups under study received treatment on nominal, adjectival, and adverbial clauses under one of three conditions: The first experimental group received treatment through a multimedia program drawing on an anthropomorphic agent, researcher’s voice, and texts to introduce clauses. The second experimental group received treatment through a multimedia program using a pointing finger, voice, and texts to teach clauses, and the control group received treatment on clauses through teacher instruction. The three groups were then post-tested on the clauses taught. The post-test results revealed that both multimedia courseware were more effective than teacher instruction in introducing subordinate clauses in English. Nevertheless, the study favored the use of the pointing finger in multimedia environments as a more effective attention-getting device that might better focus learners’ attention on salient aspects of grammatical structures of language.

We have studied, in this research, the methods of constructing the past tense and its quality in the two languages of Azari Turkish and Farsi language in a Comparative method. From the structural point of view and the number of verb components and their characteristics and combining methods there appeared absolute difference between them; and in the sense and application of past tense their similarities were much more than the their differences. Since Azarbaijani Turkish grammar is more systematic than Farsi, the extent and diversity of past tense and its components such as determinants, mid-fixes, and auxiliary and sub-auxiliary verbs are more than those of Farsi Language. A past tense in Azarbaijani Turkish has sometimes numerous structures which are not seen in Farsi Language.

Undoubtedly the holy Quran is a unique book in Arabic language, eloquently and rhetorically. Its words are a pure collection of Arabic literature. All poets, jurisprudents and philosophers believe it as a master art. It is a permanent treasure of Arabic and for it many sciences have been generated. It kept the Arabic language active and dynamic during ups and downs of the history. It also contains local Arabic accents which it shows the trustiness of its phonetic and structure.In this article is studied an explanation of grammatical meaning, understanding the differences between speech patterns, finding out grammatical meanings in speech patterns, and their differences in briefness, Redundancy, transparency and Ambiguity. If the grammar gets excluded of its meaning it would make it dead and prosaic.It study Arabic grammar based on the holy Quran. Thus we are going to study different grammatical patterns which it would lead to different meanings. We believe that although the statements and meanings used in Quran mention a grammatical pattern, it wouldn’t be so in Arabic poems and texts. In Quranit is not going to introduce grammatical patterns, it was the cause and source of establishment of the science of grammar. So Quran is the base of grammar. This article focuses on the books such as “Ma’ani alnahv” by Fazel Al-samaraee , “nahv alQuran” by Abd alsattar Javari and “Men vahy alQuran” by Ebrahim samaraee which are written for the grammar of the Quran.

The “ Addition” documents of a name to another name is added to the benefit of such a purpose, such as the definition, allocation, discount, and various explanations, as required by the additional words. In an additional combination, the complementary is considered to be a complement to the first (sub) term; that is, the subtitle is incomplete in meaning, and to complete it, it is necessary to refer to another term that it is called “ complementary” . In the same way as there is in the first word, the benefit and even the type of extraction are determined. This benefit has been raised in Arabic under the categories of “ definition” , “ allocation” , "discount” and “ escape from grace. But in Farsi it is called “ Addition” , and under this heading it is divided into different types. Additional combinations have an important role to play in terms of structure and meaning. In the least doubt, the slightest shortcoming in understanding the relationship between the two sides is disturbed in the comprehension of the subject. With this descriptive-analytic method, it became clear that the additional combinations in these two languages, with all the differences that distinguish between them, have similarities and similarities are important and significant in terms of function and variety, but in some cases additional theoretical and diagnostic issues in Persian are influenced by Arabic.

Purpose: Managers are one of the important elements of an organization, for this reason, in order to draw the future of the organization, it is necessary for the planners to specify the conditions of their selection and appointment. Therefore, the current research has been done with the aim of identifying and analyzing the components of selecting future principals.Method: In this research, Comparative and benchmarking method is used as a prospective approach. This approach is based on the belief that today's advanced organizations/countries can be considered as a model for the future of another organization/countries in their respective subjects. For this, first, the fields of comparison and benchmarking were determined using Brody's four-step comparison method; then the countries of Canada, Finland, Australia, South Africa, and Japan were selected according to the qualitative balance value in the international advanced TEAMS test, human development index, life quality index(health, instruction, and welfare), education quality index, and other scientific-scholarly indexes; finally, by extracting the criteria for the selection and appointment of principals through content analysis and comparison with Iran, the proposed framework for Iran has been presented.Findings: A total of 61 components for the selection of secondary school principals were identified from among the studies conducted in the selected countries in this article. By extracting the commonalities and differences of each of the components among the countries, it was found that the highest index of manager selection and appointment belongs to Japan and the lowest one is related to Finland.Conclusion: There are similarities between the components of selection of principals of secondary schools in Iran and selected countries. In Iran, special attention should be paid to important components such as adherence to religious principles, appropriate personality traits, creativity and innovation, motivation to develop capabilities, professional growth, power of supervision and accountability, social image, leader skills, and purposefulness and foresight.

Functional linguistics is one of the most significant linguistic approaches of the 20th century, emphasizing the role of language and its structural units while examining structures beyond the sentence, namely, the text. The foundation of Halliday's grammar relies on two attributes: Systemic and Functional. The semantic system encompasses the broadest functions of language,which Halliday calls metafunction. According to Halliday's Functional grammar, there are six types of Ideational Metafunction: material, mental, relational, behavioral, existential, and verbal. This study employs a descriptive-analytical method to Comparatively analyze these six processes in two of Mowlavi's prose works, Majalis-i Sab'e and Makatib. The aim is to answer the question of whether there is a relationship between the frequency of these process types and the textual and rhetorical structures that are considered prominent features of these works. This analysis seeks to shed light on these works’ stylistics based on ideational metafunction proposed in Halliday's Functional grammar, thus providing insight into the author's worldview. The obtained results indicate that in Majalis-i Sab'e, the material process is more frequent, while in Makatib, the relational process has a higher frequency. This difference can be attributed to the nature of the discourse in each work. Majalis-i Sab'e consists of sermons and public speeches while Makatib comprises letters written by Mowlavi. Furthermore, among the nine peripheral elements, the spatial element has a high frequency in both works. Considering that the material process is the factor that raises transitivity and the relational process is the factor that lowers the transitivity of the text, low transitivity of Makatib has been compensated to some extent by the high frequency of the peripheral elements. This compensation allows the text to fulfill its intended purpose of teaching ethics and humanity.

The focus of this study is to investigate the Comparative effect of teaching grammar through interpretation tasks and pictorial clues on EFL learners‘ writing accuracy.The participants were 60 female intermediate EFL learners with age range of 21-35 who were divided into two experimental groups after being homogenized by a piloted PET test. In the piloted researcher-made pre-test, the researcher required the participants to write a narration and also complete another narration with some blanks with provided words using grammatical points they were going to be taught.After the treatment phase, another researcher-made parallel form of the pre-test was administered as the post-tests. To investigate the research question of the study, an ANCOVA was conducted. The results revealed that there was not any significant difference between the performances of either group. In other words, the mentioned ways of teaching grammar had equal effect on the learners‘ writing accuracy.

Automatic topic detection seems unavoidable in social media analysis due to big text data which their users generate. Clustering-based methods are one of the most important and up-to-date categories in topic detection. The goal of this research is to have a wide study on this category. Therefore, this paper aims to study the main components of clustering-based-topic-detection, which are embedding methods, distance metrics, and clustering algorithms. Transfer learning and consequently pretrained language models and word embeddings have been considered in recent years. Regarding the importance of embedding methods, the efficiency of five new embedding methods, from earlier to recent ones, are compared in this paper. To conduct our study, two commonly used distance metrics, in addition to five important clustering algorithms in the field of topic detection, are implemented by the authors. As COVID-19 has turned into a hot trending topic on social networks in recent years, a dataset including one-month tweets collected with COVID-19-related hashtags is used for this study. More than 7500 experiments are performed to determine tunable parameters. Then all combinations of embedding methods, distance metrics and clustering algorithms (50 combinations) are evaluated using Silhouette metric. Results show that T5 strongly outperforms other embedding methods, cosine distance is weakly better than other distance metrics, and DBSCAN is superior to other clustering algorithms.